Why do so many programming languages have their own package manager?

cross-posted from: https://sh.itjust.works/post/64685863 [https://sh.itjust.works/post/64685863] > Lots of programming languages have their own package manager, separate from the distribution or OS package manager. > > Going loosely from the TIOBE index [https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/]: > > * Python has Pip > * C# has NuGet > * Javascript has npm for Node.js > * Visual Basic also uses NuGet > * R has a repository of packages that can be installed by running install.packages("something") in R > * Rust has Cargo/Crates > * Go has the go get command > * Swift has its own package manager swift package > * Ruby has RubyGems > * Java has Maven and Gradle (not sure if they are full package managers, or build automation tools with dependency resolution) > * PHP has Composer for managing libraries and dependencies > * C and C++ are the only exceptions I can think of, off the top of my head; libraries are managed by, and coupled to, the operating system